Every person throughout his life accumulates certain information, experience and knowledge that he needs in various areas of his activity. All this is possible thanks to memory. Without it, humanity would never have achieved progress and would still remain at the level of the primitive communal system. Memory is one of the most important functions of our consciousness. What does this concept mean? What are the main types of memory in psychology? What violations can a person encounter, and how to correct them?
Concept and functions of memory
Memory is the ability of a person’s consciousness to accumulate, preserve, and also reproduce previously acquired knowledge, skills, and information about our world. In various forms it is inherent in all living organisms. However, in humans, compared to other creatures, memory is at the highest level of development.
Different types of memory contribute to the fact that a person can not only master certain information, but also repeat and reproduce all kinds of actions. Memory allows us to transport our thoughts into the past, re-experience the emotions and worries that we once experienced. This function of the human psyche provides a connection between the past, present and future, making learning and personal development possible.
Memory helps coordinate the work of various subsystems of our psyche. With its help, a person is able to achieve the goal set for himself by remembering and reproducing the necessary information at the right time.
The main functions of memory include the ability to accumulate and retain acquired knowledge for a long period of time. It is also necessary to reproduce information with maximum accuracy.
Classification of types of memory in psychology
Characteristics of other organisms, in addition to humans, include genetic and mechanical memory. The first of them is stored in the genotype of a living organism and is inherited. It is impossible to have any influence on it using the methods known to us. Rote memory is a learning ability based on repetition, without thought or awareness of actions.
Depending on which of the senses is most involved in the memorization process, the following types of memory are distinguished: auditory, visual and tactile. Based on the duration of information storage, it is divided into long-term and short-term.
Also, the classification of types of memory is made according to the type of human thinking. According to it, associative, logical, and indirect memory are distinguished.
The first type is the process of assimilation of information through the construction of a certain chain of associations. So, for example, when a person studies a foreign language, this or that word may seem similar in pronunciation to Russian. This will make it much easier to remember.
Logical memory is built on the semantic relationship of various elements that need to be remembered. Having understood the cause-and-effect relationships, a person can easily assimilate the information he needs.
Indirect memory is based on the comparison of new knowledge with a person’s existing life experience. It includes both logical and associative memory.
Depending on how purposefully a person assimilates information, psychology distinguishes such types of memory as voluntary and involuntary. In the first case, knowledge is recorded accidentally, automatically. Involuntary memory involves the purposeful concentration of a person’s attention to retain the necessary information.
Qualities and individual characteristics of our memory
Each person's memory is developed in its own way. For some, it is not difficult to quickly memorize a fairly large amount of information, while for others it is difficult to learn even a short poem.
In psychology, the following qualities of memory are distinguished: volume, accuracy, duration, speed of memorization and readiness for reproduction. All of them are developed in a particular person to varying degrees.
Memory capacity is the ability of an individual to simultaneously store and retain a significant amount of information in his head. According to scientific data, people do not use 100% of their brain, and our memory is also not used to its full potential. Our consciousness can accommodate much more information than the most modern computer, but few people realize their potential capabilities in practice.
Memory accuracy allows a person to reproduce learned information as reliably as possible. Very often, over time, part of the data can be erased from our consciousness or distorted. The accuracy of reproduction ensures their reliable preservation in an unchanged form.
The duration of memory allows you to retain the necessary information in your head for a certain time. So, for example, it is important for a student who has memorized all the tickets before the session not to forget them until he passes the exams. After this, it makes no sense for him to retain information in memory.
Speed of memorization is also one of the most important characteristics of memory. It is determined by the amount of time required to assimilate this or that information. Some students, for example, need to study for the entire semester in order to pass the session. For others, it is enough to read the material one time before the exam.
Readiness to reproduce is characterized by a person’s ability to quickly recall the necessary information. For some this is not at all difficult, but for others it takes time to gradually find in the depths of their memory what they need.
Concept and features of visual memory
Visual memory is characterized by the fact that a person is able to remember faces, text, and various objects he has seen. When it is necessary to remember something, certain images appear in front of him, which are formed by our consciousness. People who have more developed this type of memory find it easier to assimilate information through visual contact with the subject of knowledge.
The peculiarities of this type of memory are that in the process of memorization our brain transforms and transforms the original data. At the same time, small, unimportant details may be completely omitted, while something larger and attracting attention, on the contrary, will stand out and be exaggerated. Our consciousness is able to represent the information we see in the form of diagrams and drawings, which are easier to retain in memory.
Visual memory is not developed equally in all people. Someone can easily describe an object that he saw for a couple of seconds, while another person, even carefully examining this or that thing, will later miss important points when talking about it.
Features of auditory memory
Many people find it much easier to remember information by hearing than by making eye contact. So, when learning a poem, some children need their parents to first read it to them several times. Auditory memory is a person’s ability to remember and assimilate, store and subsequently reproduce sound information.
Every person has auditory memory to one degree or another. Someone can easily reproduce verbatim the information they have heard briefly. For some people this is more difficult. But even if, after carefully listening to the lecture, you did not remember anything from it, you should not think that this type of memory is completely unusual for you. Perhaps your brain simply does not want to perceive information that is not interesting to you, because in a conversation with a friend, almost everyone will remember what exactly he told you about.
Short-term memory
When highlighting types of memory in psychology, long-term and short-term memory are most often mentioned first. The latter is a method of storing information for a short period of time, typically 20 to 30 seconds. Very often the physical memory of a computer is compared with it.
Short-term memory retains a generalized image of an object that a person has perceived. It focuses on the most basic and prominent features, the most memorable elements. Short-term memory functions without a preliminary setting for memorization. However, it is aimed at reproducing the information just received.
The main indicator characterizing short-term memory is its volume. It is determined by the number of units of information that a person will be able to reproduce with absolute accuracy 20-30 seconds after some data has been presented to him once. Most often, people's short-term memory capacity varies between 5 and 9 units.
Information is retained in short-term memory through repetition. Data is scanned by our brain using vision and then spoken through inner speech. After this, short-term auditory memory begins to work. In the absence of repetition, stored elements are forgotten over time or replaced by newly arrived data.
Long-term memory
A person’s ability to store information for a very long period of time, sometimes limited only by the duration of our life, is called long-term memory. It assumes that people have the ability, at any necessary moment, to remember and reproduce what was once firmly settled in their consciousness.
A person is able to tell an unlimited number of times without losing the meaning and all the smallest details of information stored in long-term memory storage. Systematic repetition allows you to retain data in your head longer and longer.
The functioning of long-term memory is associated with processes such as thinking and willpower. They are necessary in order to find once stored information in the depths of consciousness. In order for data to move into long-term memory, a clear commitment to memorization is needed, as well as systematic repetition.
All people have this type of memory developed to varying degrees. The better the long-term memory, the more units of information a person can remember with fewer repetitions.
The ability to forget as a function of memory
Many people consider the ability to forget as a disadvantage, and even a memory disorder that they would like to get rid of. Indeed, few people would like to be unable to remember important information at the right time. However, in fact, the ability to forget is extremely necessary for us.
If we imagine for a second that a person would store absolutely everything in his head, and not even the smallest detail would escape our consciousness, how overloaded would our memory end up? In addition, there are many unpleasant and terrible events that you want to quickly forget. Our consciousness is designed in such a way that it tries to erase all negativity from memory. People try to remember only the good and think less about the bad.
The ability to forget allows a person to concentrate on the most important things and retain only truly necessary information in his mind. Thanks to this function, our physical memory is protected from overload. However, not in all cases, people’s ideas about the necessary information coincide with the choice of such by our brain. Such situations create problems and inconveniences for us, and the person complains that he has a bad memory.
It must be remembered that even people with phenomenal memory have the ability to forget unnecessary, superfluous information. Without this ability, the brain would work very slowly, like an overloaded computer. In this case, a person would often experience nervous disorders and all kinds of memory problems.
Memory impairment: types and causes
The causes of memory impairment are quite varied. First of all, these include injuries and lesions of the brain, as well as diseases of other organs that affect the general condition of a person. Frequent abuse of alcohol, nicotine, drugs, and systematic use of strong medications can lead to memory impairment. The cause of this problem is also a person’s poor lifestyle, constant stress, chronic lack of sleep and overwork. Many people begin to notice as they age that they have poor memory. If memory problems caused by unfavorable life factors are quite easy to eliminate, then disorders caused by serious injuries are very difficult to treat.
Like the types of memory in psychology, its disorders are also diverse. They are divided into several groups. The first includes amnesia. This disease is characterized by a violation of the individual's ability to store, remember and reproduce information. Sometimes a person cannot remember events that happened before the injury occurred. In some cases, on the contrary, he perfectly remembers the distant past, but is not able to reproduce what happened to him a couple of minutes ago.
The second group includes partial memory impairment. They are divided into hypomnesia, that is, a decrease in memory, and hypermnesia, a disease characterized by an excessive increase in the ability to retain information.
The third group includes disorders associated with distortion of information or false memories. Diseases of this kind are called paramnesia. People can appropriate other people's thoughts and actions, mix the past and present in their minds, and consider fictitious events to be reality.
When faced with any of the listed memory disorders, a person should immediately seek help from specialists. Timely treatment in many cases makes the changes reversible.
How to develop memory?
Each of us has our own memory characteristics. Some people find it easier to assimilate information by ear, while others must see the object of memorization before their eyes. For some people, learning long poems is not difficult; for others, it requires considerable effort. The different characteristics of people are not disorders, and everyone, if desired, can improve their ability to store and reproduce information.
There are several tips that will help develop memory more accessible to everyone. First of all, you need to know that the brain remembers faster the information that is interesting to us. Also an important factor is full concentration of attention on the object being studied. To remember something faster, you need to create an environment around yourself that would promote maximum concentration. For example, when preparing for an exam, you can turn off your computer and phone, ask your relatives not to make noise and not distract you.
Associations help you remember faster. By learning to build them, to compare what needs to be learned with already familiar concepts, you will significantly facilitate the memorization process.
A person’s ability to systematize received information is considered important. Consciousness transforms initial data into diagrams and graphs that are easier and faster to remember.
The development of human memory is impossible without repetition. To ensure that information is not forgotten over time, it must be repeated periodically and returned to again and again.
Exercises to improve memory
There are many exercises to develop and train our memory. Many of them can be used in everyday life; they do not require special training or the availability of certain books and manuals.
Visual memory training deserves a lot of attention. Here are some examples of exercises to develop it. You can open any picture, look at it for a few seconds, then close your eyes and mentally try to remember everything you can. Then open your eyes and check yourself.
Another option for visual memory development exercises is playing with pencils. You can take a few pencils, throw them on the table in a random order, look at them for a couple of seconds, and then, without peeking, reproduce what you saw at the other end of the table. If you find things too easy, you can increase the number of pencils.
To develop auditory memory, it will be very useful to read books aloud. However, this must be done with expression, avoiding monotonous reading. Learning poems will also help improve auditory memory. Even a couple of memorized quatrains a day will significantly increase your memory capabilities. You can try to remember and after a while reproduce to yourself a conversation between strangers or a song you heard on a minibus that was new to you.
To develop your memory, try every evening to remember the events of your day in the smallest detail. Moreover, this must be done in the reverse order, that is, starting in the evening and ending with awakening.
In order for your memory not to let you down for as long as possible, you need to eat well, rest, and avoid stress and negative emotions. It is impossible to remember everything, so even if you forgot something, try to treat it with humor and not focus on problems.
One of the most important cognitive processes in the life of every person is memory. The main theoretical considerations on this cognitive process can be found in the general section of psychology.
Functions of human memory
Memory functions:
- Memorization;
- Saving information;
- Reproduction of information;
- Forgetting.
Memory in human mental and cognitive activity plays a leading role. After all, a person with a good memory is able to function normally and fully and fulfill his duties in society. The subject’s memory is capable of imprinting any information, can subsequently reproduce it, and also has the ability to clear consciousness of information unnecessary to a person.
Memory allows a person to quickly move from sensory processes, primarily associated with the perception and functioning of the sense organs, to intellectual activity. By acquiring certain information about the world, various subjects and objects through the senses, memory allows you to bring similar information into the system, organizing it using intellectual processes. All this suggests a close connection between memory and sensory perception of the world. The intellectual work of cognition leads to the fact that memory sorts out the information received, leaving what is considered important at the moment, and discarding what is not important. All information received through the means of human thinking and imagination is processed into other forms of the psyche. That is why the importance of memory for the general cognitive process of a person is essential. Memory, thanks to accumulated knowledge, allows a person to become wise. And life experience is also acquired and accumulated with the help of this cognitive process. In addition, memory makes a person’s life much easier, because memory allows you to remember people or other details of nature, characterize your behavior and find the most successful ways to express it. We can say that memory allows a person to rely not on instincts, but on his consciousness and experience.
Memory also has its own unique functions, providing human cognitive processes. The main function of memory is to select the necessary information and record it. Such information usually comes through the senses of touch, smell, touch and hearing. The necessary data is debugged in memory and stored for a certain time. With the help of memory, a person can reproduce the necessary information.
The rate at which specific information is forgotten depends on time. There are many reasons for forgetting. A person can also intentionally transfer information to the subconscious - this is called motivated forgetting.
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Memory is the most important component of human personality. Thanks to memory, we can have a complete understanding of ourselves as a person existing not only in space, but also in time, which is extremely important for self-identification and adequate self-perception. Various sciences are interested in human memory, primarily psychology and philosophy.
Memory concept
Memory is a special ability to preserve, accumulate and reproduce information and various skills acquired in periods of time preceding the present moment.
The structure of memory is very complex - there are several types, each of which is responsible for a specific part of the brain.
How it works
Human memory performs the following functions:
- Recognition. This function is responsible for the perception of an object or item that was previously perceived.
- Playback. With its help, previously perceived information is updated.
- Memorization. During this process, information is stored in the human mind, being associated with previously received information.
- Preservation. This function is characterized by the process of accumulation of memories acquired by a person over a long period of time, allowing the use of information stored in the brain.
Let's consider the main classifications of memory.
According to the degree of mental activity
Motor
It involves memorizing, storing and reproducing movements; a person needs it for active physical interaction with the outside world. It develops early, almost from childhood.
Emotional
Helps to remember feelings and emotions, plays an important role in a person’s life. It works as a signaling system that encourages action or, conversely, deters it based on the emotions experienced in connection with it.
Figurative
Stores various ideas and memories in the human brain in the form of vivid pictures, sounds, smells and tastes. Its development in children begins quite early, at one and a half to two years.
Verbal-logical
Acts as a mechanism for remembering and reproducing (oral or written) thoughts and feelings.
By the nature of the goals of the activity
- Involuntary. This type of memory is characterized by the absence of a specific program and purpose of memorization and is not accompanied by volitional efforts of a person, as well as the use of any specific memorization techniques.
- free. It differs from involuntary in that it is based on a purposeful desire to specifically remember and then reproduce certain information. For this purpose, various memorization methods are used, which form entire systems.
By duration of information storage
Name |
Characteristic |
| Instant (tactile or touch) | It refers to the type through which our brain receives information instantly transmitted by the senses. The average duration of such memory is no more than a quarter of a second. |
| Short-term or short | It is designed so as to preserve for a short period of time a generalized picture of information perceived by the senses. Such a memory is stored in short-term memory for no more than 20 seconds. |
| Long-term or long-term | It is believed that it is capable of storing the received information for an unlimited amount of time with the ability to reproduce it many times. The properties of long-term memory are often associated with the process of thinking. |
| Operational | Saves a trace of perceived information necessary to complete a certain operation. |
Tulving classification
- Visual or visual. Responsible for storing information perceived through visual receptors.
- Motor (kinesthetic). It is based on memorizing, storing and reproducing various movements, most often through personal motor experience.
- Episodic. It consists of the ability to retain specific pieces of information while simultaneously recording the situation in which it was received.
- Semantic. This is one of the types of long-term memory, the main function of which is to store generalized knowledge about the world.
- Topographical. Responsible for orientation in space, remembering terrain and routes.
Other types
Name |
Description |
| Implicit | It stores memories that we do not intentionally try to remember. These include life events of varying degrees of significance, and skills acquired in the course of performing certain actions. Plays a leading role in the formation of human behavioral habits. |
| Explicit | This type of memory is responsible for storing intentionally remembered information. Any processes aimed at purposeful memorization are completed in explicit memory. |
| Echoic (auditory, auditory) | Responsible for storing sensory and auditory information. The storage period for information is short. It is an auxiliary tool for speech recognition, as well as determining the source of sound. |
| Reproductive | Its essence is the repeated reproduction of previously stored information using an action such as recollection. This type of memory especially helps people who need to reproduce certain images from memory. |
| Reconstructive | It consists of correctly restoring the sequence of certain actions within specific processes. |
Conclusion
Conclusion
Memory is a complex phenomenon that has a biological basis, but is also of interest to scientists from psychology. Above, we presented the characteristics of various types of memory and the processes for which they are responsible, and briefly listed the factors and patterns that influence the formation of memories. Memory has its own laws; different parts of the brain are responsible for the variety of its types.
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Memory– a mental cognitive process consisting of memorizing, storing and reproducing information.
Memory functions:
1. Recognition - an object or phenomenon perceived at the moment was perceived in the past.
2. Reproduction is a memory process, as a result of which previously fixed information is updated (revived) in the psyche.
3. Memorization is a memory process aimed at consolidating new information in the psyche by associating it with previously acquired knowledge.
4. Retention is a memory process characterized by retaining received information in memory for a relatively long period of time.
Memory properties:
1. Remember (new information)
2. Remember (information)
3. Recall
4. Play
5. Find out (previously saved information)
6. Save (information)
Types of memory
1. Involuntary memory(information is remembered by itself without
special memorization, and in the course of performing activities, in the course of working on information). Strongly developed in childhood, weakens in adults.
2. Arbitrary memory(information is remembered purposefully with
using special techniques).
3. Short-term memory, which ensures memorization of information presented once for a short time (5-7 minutes), after which the information can be completely forgotten or go into long-term memory
4. Long-term memory ensures long-term storage of information: there are two types: DP with conscious access and DP closed (access during hypnosis, etc.)
5.RAM manifests itself during the performance of any activity, when information from both the CP and DP is stored.
6.Intermediate memory- it is stored, accumulated for several hours, and during night sleep it is released by the body to cleanse intermediate memory and categorize information accumulated over the past day, transferring it to long-term memory. At the end of sleep, intermediate memory is again ready to receive new information. In a person who sleeps less than three hours a day, intermediate memory does not have time to be cleared, as a result, the performance of mental and computational operations is disrupted, attention and short-term memory decrease, and errors appear in speech and actions.
7.Imaginative memory can be visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory. Most people have the best developed visual and auditory types of memory.
8.Mechanical memory allows a person to remember content that he cannot or does not want to comprehend. By resorting to repeated repetition, he seems to imprint the memorized material into the brain structures.
MEMORY PROCESSES. MEMORY DEVELOPMENT. CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL MEMORIZATION.
Basic memory processes- remembering, storing, reproducing, recognizing, remembering and forgetting.
Memorization - this is a memory process through which traces are imprinted, new elements of sensations, perceptions, thoughts or experiences are introduced into the system of associative connections.
Memorization can be conscious (purposeful) or unconscious (imprinting and involuntary memorization). Memorization is helped by: 1) a fresh mind (and for this it is important to get enough sleep), 2) the emotional coloring of the event (if desired, any neutral event can be made emotionally vivid), 3) a positive emotional background (learn to rejoice!), desire, desire to remember. At least, when you don’t want to remember, usually nothing is remembered. The best thing to remember is the beginning and the end.
Storage - the process of accumulating material in the memory structure, including its processing and assimilation. Saving experience makes it possible for a person to learn, develop his perceptual (internal assessments, perception of the world) processes, thinking and speech.
Reproduction and recognition - the process of updating elements of past experience (images, thoughts, feelings, movements). A simple form of reproduction is recognition - recognizing a perceived object or phenomenon as already known from past experience, establishing similarities between the object and its image in memory. Reproduction can be voluntary or involuntary. With involuntary, the image pops up in the head without a person’s effort.
Forgetting - loss of the ability to reproduce, and sometimes even recognize, what was previously remembered. Most often we forget what is insignificant. Forgetting can be partial (reproduction is incomplete or with an error) and complete (impossibility of reproduction and recognition). There are temporary and long-term forgetting.
Memory needed develop and train. For this use:
Various strengthening methods;
Improvements;
Special training.
The conditions for successful voluntary memorization are:
Awareness of the significance and meaning of the memorized material;
Identification of its structure, logical relationship of parts and elements, semantic and spatial grouping of material;
Identification of the plan in verbal-textual material, supporting words in the content of each part of it, presentation of the material in the form of a diagram, table, diagram, drawing, visual image;
Emotional and aesthetic richness of the material;
Possibility of using this material in the subject’s professional activities;
Setting the need to reproduce this material under certain conditions;
Material, which acts as a means of achieving significant goals, plays a significant role in solving life problems, and acts as an object of active mental activity.
When memorizing material, a rational distribution of it over time and active reproduction of the memorized material are essential.
The word “memory” appeared in Ancient Greece, derived from the name of the goddess Mnemosyne (“mnemo” - memory).
Memory - a form of mental reflection, which consists in consolidating, preserving and subsequently reproducing past experience, making it possible to reuse it in activity or return to the sphere of consciousness.
Memory connects a subject’s past with his present and future and is the most important cognitive function underlying development and learning. Memory is the basis of mental activity. Without it, it is impossible to understand the basics of the formation of behavior, thinking, consciousness, and subconsciousness.
Main memory functions in a person’s life are (they also determine the meaning of memory):
1) ensuring the unity and integrity of the individual;
2) the most important condition for learning: acquiring knowledge, forming learning skills.
Images of objects or processes of real reality that we perceived earlier, and now mentally reproduce, are called representations . Memory representations are divided into single and general.
At the heart of memory associations or connections lie. Objects or phenomena that are connected in reality are also connected in human memory. Having encountered one of these objects, we can, by association, remember another one associated with it. To remember something means to connect the memorization with what is already known, to form an association. From a physiological point of view, an association is a temporary neural connection. There are two types of associations: simple and complex.
TO Three types of associations are simple::
· Adjacency associations combine two phenomena related in time or space.
· Associations by similarity connect two phenomena that have similar features: when one is mentioned, the other is remembered. Associations rely on the similarity of neural connections that are evoked in our brain by two objects.
· Associations by contrast connect two opposite phenomena. This is facilitated by the fact that in practical activity these opposite objects (organization and laxity, responsibility and irresponsibility, health and illness, sociability and isolation, etc.) are usually juxtaposed and compared, which leads to the formation of corresponding neural connections.
In addition to these types, there are complex associations– semantic. They connect two phenomena that in reality are constantly connected: part and whole, genus and species, cause and effect. These associations are the basis of our knowledge.
2. Types of memory
1. Depending on the degree of purposefulness of the activity:
Involuntary memory(information is remembered by itself without special memorization, but in the course of performing an activity, in the course of working on information). Strongly developed in childhood, weakens in adults.
Arbitrary memory(information is remembered purposefully, using special techniques).
Random Memory Efficiency depends:
1. From memorization purposes(how long and firmly a person wants to remember). If the goal is to learn in order to pass an exam, then soon after the exam a lot will be forgotten; if the goal is to learn for a long time, for future professional activity, then little information is forgotten.
2. From learning techniques. Learning techniques:
A) mechanical verbatim repetition - works mechanical memory, a lot of effort and time is spent, but the results are poor. Rote memory is memory based on repeating material without understanding it;
B) logical retelling, which includes: logical comprehension of the material, systematization, highlighting the main logical components of information, retelling in your own words - it works logical memory(semantic) - a type of memory based on the establishment of semantic connections in the memorized material. The efficiency of logical memory is 20 times higher than that of mechanical memory;
C) figurative memorization techniques (translation of information into images, graphs, diagrams, pictures) - figurative memory works. Figurative memory is of different types: visual, auditory, motor-motor, gustatory, tactile, olfactory, emotional;
D) mnemonic memorization techniques (special techniques to facilitate memorization).
▼ Number π= 3.14159: “I know and remember this perfectly.” Until the 10th sign with “yat”: “Whoever, jokingly and soon, wishes Pi to know the number, already knows.”
▼ Colors of the rainbow: “Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits” or “How Jean the Bell-Ringer once knocked down a lantern with his head.”
2. According to the duration of storage of the material: short-term, long-term, operational, intermediate memory.
Any information first goes to short-term memory, which ensures the memorization of information presented once for a short time (5-7 minutes), after which the information can be forgotten completely or go into long-term memory, but subject to repetition of information 1-2 times.
Short-term memory (SM) is limited in volume; with a single presentation, an average of 7 ± 2 fits into the SM. This is the magic formula for human memory, i.e. on average, a person can remember from 5 to 9 words, numbers, figures, figures, pictures, pieces of information from one time. Memory capacity is diagnosed and has age-specific norms.
Long-term memory ensures long-term storage of information: there are two types: 1) DP with conscious access (i.e. a person can voluntarily extract and remember the necessary information); 2) DP is closed (a person in natural conditions does not have access to it, but only through hypnosis, when irritating parts of the brain, can he gain access to it and update in all details images, experiences, pictures of a person’s entire life).
· According to Nemov: genetic memory is the preservation of information in a person’s genotype and its transmission by inheritance (this type of memory is not influenced by training and upbringing).
RAM– a type of memory that manifests itself during the performance of a certain activity, serving this activity by storing information coming from both the CP and the DP, necessary for the performance of the current activity.
Intermediate memory– ensures the preservation of information for several hours, accumulates information during the day, and the time of night sleep is allocated by the body to clear intermediate memory and categorize information accumulated over the past day, transferring it to long-term memory. At the end of sleep, intermediate memory is again ready to receive new information. In a person who sleeps less than three hours a day, intermediate memory does not have time to be cleared, as a result, the performance of mental and computational operations is disrupted, attention and short-term memory decrease, and errors appear in speech and actions.
3. By the nature of mental activity prevailing in the activity:
Motor memory - remembering, storing and reproducing
(Z-SiV) movements and their systems.
Emotional – Z-SiV of emotional experiences.
Figurative – Z-SiV of visual or other images (or ideas).
Verbal-logical (or speech, or auditory) - Z&V system of thoughts, embodied in various linguistic forms (native or foreign languages, mathematical language, musical language). The dominant type of memory in an adult.
▼ Special type – eidetic memory is a one-time perception of information or other information, accompanied by its brief mental processing. The person continues to “see” the information and can reproduce it in all details.
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