The layout of populated areas is the placement in a certain territory of enterprises, housing, cultural and community institutions, transport and other functionally interconnected elements of the national economy.

The planning of populated areas is an expedient solution to socio-economic, architectural, construction and sanitary-hygienic issues during the construction of cities and villages, providing the most favorable living, working and leisure conditions for the population.

As a result of the increase in the urban population, especially in the current century, industrialized countries are experiencing a process of urbanization - the concentration of industry and population in large cities. Under capitalism, the growth of industrial and administrative centers caused unplanned, chaotic development of cities - with comfortable areas for the bourgeoisie and slums for the proletariat, with difficult conditions for the further development of industry and housing construction in them.

Along with urban reconstruction projects, the idea arose of creating satellite cities intended for industry moved outside the city, and the resettlement of workers and employees employed in these enterprises. An example of such a satellite city is Zelenograd.

The construction of new and reconstruction of existing populated areas is determined by the national economic development plan of the country. This allows the development of cities to implement the basic principle of Soviet urban planning - the rational integrated organization of industrial zones, residential areas, a network of public and cultural institutions, transport, engineering equipment and landscaping, providing the best conditions for work and leisure of the population. Construction is regulated by government regulations that require the preparation of planning projects for all populated areas.

The most important conditions for the planning of populated areas are: compliance with hygienic standards and recommendations when choosing a territory for construction, during the functional zoning of the territory of cities and villages, when locating the main objects of industrial, residential and cultural construction; compliance with optimal population density indicators; landscaping and implementation of all modern types of improvement of populated areas.

Hygienic standards and recommendations are developed on the basis of research, generalization of experience in sanitary supervision of the planning and development of populated areas and are aimed at solving issues that ensure the creation of healthy and comfortable living, working and leisure conditions for the population. In settlement planning projects, the principle of dividing the territory into functional zones must be observed: industrial, transport, utility and storage, residential and recreation areas (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Scheme of the functional division of the city territory: 1 - residential (residential) territory; 2 - hospital site; 3 - site of a higher educational institution; 4 - industrial area; 5 - railway right-of-way; c — territory of the river port; 7 — airport territory; 8 - territory of the city park; 9 - forest park territory; 10 - protective green zone; 11 - warehouse area; 12 - source of water supply; 13 – sewage treatment facilities; 14 - composting fields; 15 - nursery; 16 - cemetery.

The main structural unit of a residential area is a microdistrict, consisting of a group of residential buildings, with the necessary institutions for daily services to the population, a garden for recreation, sports grounds, etc. A residential area and a recreation area for the purpose of protection from gases, smoke and dust caused by the operation of industrial enterprises and transport, are separated from other zones by landscaped sanitary-protective gaps in accordance with sanitary standards.

When choosing a territory for a settlement, special attention is paid to the sanitary and hygienic assessment of climatic, soil and hydrological conditions, the state of green spaces, water use conditions, etc. Areas with high groundwater levels, marshy areas, prone to flooding, landslides, etc. are considered unsuitable for development. .

In some cases, the use of such areas is allowed, but only after the necessary measures have been taken to improve their health.

When planning populated areas and their development, favorable climatic factors must be used and undesirable effects, for example, strong winter winds, insufficient ultraviolet radiation, excessive insolation and overheating, etc., must be mitigated.

It is especially important to take into account climatic factors when developing microdistricts. Thus, for populated areas of the Far North with its strong winds and extremely low air temperatures, which adversely affect the living conditions of the population, special methods are provided for the development of microdistricts and individual residential complexes (Fig. 2) with sheltered gallery streets connecting residential buildings with service institutions .

In areas with a hot climate, it is necessary to provide for the protection of the population from overheating - maximum shading of pedestrian paths and sidewalks, good ventilation of the territory of microdistricts and their orientation towards green areas and water surfaces, landscaping of free areas in combination with moistening of coatings, etc.

Residential premises and premises of children's and medical institutions in areas with a hot climate cannot be oriented to the southwest and west; Sun protection devices should be widely used. In areas where protection from overheating is not a mandatory requirement, when determining the size of gaps between buildings and the orientation of buildings, they are guided by the “Sanitary Standards and Rules for Ensuring Insolation of Residential and Public Buildings and Residential Development of Populated Areas.”

Rice. 2. Examples of wind-protective development of microdistricts in populated areas of the Far North: A - microdistrict for 4,400 inhabitants; B - microdistrict for 2100 residents.

The hygienic criterion for establishing these standards is the need to provide residential and public buildings and residential areas with direct sunlight daily for at least 3 hours for the period from March 22 to September 22.

Combating urban noise is an important hygienic task when planning populated areas. The “Sanitary Standards for Permissible Noise in Residential Buildings and Residential Development Territories” are in effect. The following maximum permissible total sound levels have been established: for living rooms - 30-96 A (measured on the A scale of a sound level meter), for recreation areas and areas directly adjacent to residential buildings - 40 dB A. Measured or calculated total sound levels are amended according to depending on the nature of the noise, time of day, location of the object, etc.

Protection of the territory of microdistricts and residential premises from external noise is ensured by a complex of engineering, technical and planning measures, including a rational system of city streets with the allocation of citywide, regional highways and residential streets, appropriate development of residential microdistricts adjacent to the streets. Of great importance in reducing noise intensity is the correct organization of the territory of the microdistrict: allocation of areas for children's games and physical education, placement of service institutions in separate buildings, landscaping of the free territory of the microdistrict (at least 40-50%).

Hygienic recommendations for organizing cultural, community, medical and preventive services for the population of cities and villages when planning populated areas concern the network of these institutions in a microdistrict, residential area and city, their capacity and location on the territory, taking into account optimal service radii, ease of use and possible impact on the living conditions of the population (noise, vibration, etc.).

The public service system corresponds to the planning structure of the residential area and the city.

A special group of service institutions consists of sanatoriums, holiday homes, tourist centers, pioneer camps, intended for short-term and long-term recreation and treatment, located in the suburban area.

The organization of daily recreation for the population should also correspond to the structure of the residential area. In adjacent areas for a group of residential buildings, it is necessary to design play areas for young children and recreation areas for the elderly and sick.

Within the microdistrict there is a garden with areas for quiet relaxation and sports. A residential area must have larger sports facilities (stadium, swimming pool, etc.), a garden and entertainment facilities within a 10-minute radius. walking.
The most important principle of village planning is the creation of the most favorable hygienic living conditions for the rural population, for the gradual transformation of collective farm villages and state farm settlements into enlarged urban-type settlements with comfortable residential buildings, public utilities, household enterprises and medical institutions.

In rural areas, the zone of individual one-story development is designed in the form of blocks with an area of ​​2-4 hectares, with personal plots and outbuildings for livestock and equipment. The size of personal plots is established in accordance with the collective farm charter. During the construction of two-story blocked houses, each family occupies a separate apartment, which has access to a plot, the size of which allows not only to establish a garden or vegetable garden, but also to keep livestock and poultry for personal use.

The area of ​​state or collective farm sectional houses is designed as a compact development without estate plots with an increased level of amenities. The zone also houses the community center of the village (village council, collective farm board, cultural and educational institutions). Schools, kindergartens and nurseries are located between residential areas in areas remote from roadways.

A hospital with an outpatient clinic is located in the most favorable area, if possible close to green spaces. Projects for the development of rural populated areas must necessarily reflect the functional division of the territory into residential and industrial zones, the size of the gap between which depends on sanitary and veterinary requirements. These projects include measures to further improve sanitary facilities.

The most appropriate solution to sanitary, hygienic and urban planning issues during the development of populated areas is possible subject to regional planning of economic, industrial, agricultural and resort areas. Regional planning makes it possible to solve issues of locating industry in populated areas, organizing recreational facilities, comprehensive improvement plans (water supply, sewerage, heat and energy supply), organizing transport, etc., providing the most favorable living, working and recreational conditions for the population.

The hygienic importance of natural factors for the planning and construction of populated areas

Natural factors that have hygienic significance in matters of planning populated areas include: terrain, climate, soil, open bodies of water, green areas. The selection of territory for a settlement is carried out simultaneously with the selection of a site for the construction of industrial enterprises and water supply sources.

"Handbook for assistant sanitary doctor"
and assistant epidemiologist",
edited by Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
prof. N.N. Litvinova

When developing city development projects, they are based on standard indicators: baths - a residential area (in a communal area) with 9 m2 of living space per person per 1000 people - 7 places, in the future - 5 places. Mechanized laundries in populated areas (in a communal area, from the same calculated indicators per 1000 people, 90 kg of dry laundry...

According to SNiP IK 262, the calculated indicators per 1000 people are accepted at 9 m of living space per person in 18 - 25 places, for the future 31 places. The area of ​​the site per object is from 0.3 to 1.2 hectares. Before entering and exiting the cinema, it is necessary to provide unloading areas at a rate of at least 0.15 m per seat...

The transport and communal-warehouse zone includes the territory in which warehouses of municipal enterprises, food, fuel, manufactured goods warehouses, communal laundries, tram, trolleybus and bus depots, as well as railway stations, airfields, sea and river piers and ports are located. Railway lines and stations are separated from residential buildings in cities by a protective zone of at least 100 m, in settlements - 50 m, counting...

Within the city limits there are usually large garages, bus depots with repair shops, open-air parking lots and gas stations. According to current legislation, the following break zones are accepted for garages and open areas for storage and maintenance of vehicles. Gaps from garage buildings, open storage areas and car service stations in meters Buildings to which the gap is calculated Number of cars...

Rural regional planning is based on the issues of proper construction and placement of agricultural production facilities and settlements. Within a distance of up to 3 km (from the building boundaries) there should be no swamps or creeks that could serve as a breeding ground for mosquitoes. The main territory and adjacent areas should not have a natural focality for such types of diseases as leishmaniasis, tick-borne...

The size of the blocks, population density and the percentage of development in rural areas depend on the size of the estate plots. With plot sizes of 0.1 - 0.15 hectares, the area of ​​​​blocks is taken to range from 3 to 6 hectares, while the population density is approximately calculated at 30 - 40 people per 1 hectare, and the percentage of development is 10. With plot sizes of 0.25 hectares ...

According to current standards, the following sizes of land plots are accepted for the placement of administrative, public and cultural institutions. Dimensions of land plots for the placement of administrative, public and cultural institutions Name of the object Calculation standards, Size of land plot per object (in hectares) Office of a collective farm, state farm, RTS - 0.1 - 0.2 Club with a physical training ground - At least 1 Store - 0.05 - 0.1…

The hospital is located on a common site with an outpatient clinic. Baths and laundries in rural areas are located taking into account a service radius of up to 1 km and, in extreme cases, up to 1.5 km. The conditions for the discharge and treatment of wastewater from baths and laundries are in each case agreed upon with the sanitary inspection authorities. The club building is usually designed on the territory of an existing or newly created…

There are permanent and temporary field camps. Permanent camps can be arranged either combined (joint placement of tractor and field crews), or separately for each brigade. The size of the field camp plots ranges from 1 to 7 hectares. The distance of the field camp from roads with heavy traffic must be at least 100 m. The service radius of the areas around the camp...

When monitoring construction sites, the main attention should be focused on the condition and maintenance of a group of temporary structures (dressing room, shower, drying room, meal room, washroom, restroom). Clothes can be stored in dressing rooms in an open, closed or mixed way (open or closed cabinets). When stored openly, the length of the hanger is determined at the rate of 5 hooks per 1 linear meter of hanger.…

Planning of populated areas is the rational mutual placement of industrial enterprises, residential buildings, green spaces and recreation areas in order to create the most favorable living, working and recreational conditions for the population. landscaping landscaping

The territory for a settlement is assessed when developing a regional planning project, taking into account the general and regional scheme for the development of productive forces and the population distribution scheme. In this case, the natural and climatic features and the existing structural and planning organization of the region’s territory are taken into account.

Zoning the territory of settlements according to the types of its use is important.

The following zones are distinguished:

• 1) residential - for the placement of residential neighborhoods, public centers (administrative, scientific, educational, medical, sports, etc.), green spaces for public use (parks, gardens, public gardens);
• 2) industrial - for industrial enterprises and related facilities;
• 3) communal and warehouse - for bases and warehouses, garages, tram depots, trolleybus and bus depots, etc.;
• 4) external transport - for the placement of transport devices and structures of passenger and cargo stations, ports, marinas;
• 5) recreation area.

The correct relative location of these zones is of great importance, taking into account the organization of sanitary protection zones and the gaps between residential and other zones. The residential zone should be located on territories that are more favorable in terms of natural and climatic conditions, on the windward side and upstream of rivers in relation to industrial and other facilities that may have an adverse impact on the living conditions of the population. The main structural element of the residential zone of cities and towns is the microdistrict.

Within its boundaries there are residential buildings, institutions and everyday service enterprises (preschool institutions, schools, pharmacies, grocery stores, reception centers of consumer service enterprises). An indicator of the efficiency of using a residential area is the density of the housing stock (the number of square meters of total area of ​​apartments per 1 hectare of territory of a residential area), which is established by building codes depending on the number of floors of the building and the climatic and geographical features of the area.

The placement of industrial enterprises is based on the principle of specialization and cooperation based on the integrated use of raw materials and production waste, energy, transport facilities and engineering equipment. When locating an external transport zone, requirements are imposed to limit noise and vibration, reduce the voltage of electromagnetic fields, and reduce pollution of atmospheric air, water bodies and soil. When planning populated areas, green areas should also be provided to organize recreation for the population, improve the microclimate, and improve the condition of the air basin.

State bodies supervisors monitor compliance with the norms and rules of planning and improvement of populated areas, take part in the development of regional planning projects and master plans for cities and other populated areas.

Improvement of populated areas is a set of measures aimed at creating healthy working, living and recreational conditions for people in cities, towns, rural settlements, resorts and places of mass recreation for the population.

The improvement of populated areas includes the planning of populated areas based on long-term plans for the development of the national economy of the country, as well as sanitary and hygienic measures. The latter include: sanitary protection of atmospheric air, water supply, sanitary protection of soil and cleaning of populated areas, sanitation. protection of water bodies and wastewater treatment. Improvement of populated areas includes work on preparing the territory intended for construction, constructing roads using improved surfaces, transport interchanges, underground communications and other measures aimed at protecting from noise, preventing road injuries, and ensuring rational lighting of populated areas. An obligatory element of the improvement of populated areas is their landscaping, which helps to maintain or ensure healthy hygiene. regarding the air basin, improves the recreational conditions of the population.

City-forming Servicing Independent

Initial data. The construction area is located in the IIIB climate zone (Volgograd). The number of city-forming personnel is: for the first stage of construction - 21 thousand people, for the estimated period - 47 thousand people.

Solution. For a new city designed in climatic zone III, the share of the city-forming group is assumed to be 40% for the first stage of construction and 30% for the design period. Then using formula (1) we get:

where Ν 1 is the projected population of the city for the first stage of construction;

Νρ is the projected population of the city for the estimated period.

The share of the serving population group should be assumed to be 17% for the first stage of construction, and 22% for the estimated period. The size of the service group, according to formula (2), is equal to:

where B; - the design number of the serving population group for the first stage of construction;

Br - the design number of the serving population group for the estimated period.

The share of the non-amateur group of the population in accordance with equation (4) will be:

where is the share of the non-amateur group of the population in the first stage of construction;

The share of the non-self-employed population group for the estimated period.

The population size of the non-amateur group of the population is determined by formula (3):

where B 1 is the design number of the non-amateur group of the population for the first stage of construction;

Вр - the design number of the non-amateur group of the population for the estimated period.

Table 1 Project balance of the city population

4. PRELIMINARY DETERMINATION OF THE AREA OF THE CITY TERRITORY

The size of the city territory should be determined for each functional zone: residential, industrial, municipal and warehouse and external transport zone. The preliminary balance of the city territory, taking into account the order of construction, should be presented in the form of Table 2. The areas occupied by sanitary protection zones depend on the relative location of industrial areas and residential areas, their configuration, etc. Therefore, at this stage of design, they are not included in the preliminary balance table, but are calculated according to the sanitary classification of the industry. enterprises and productions given in the sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises depending on their classes: Class I - 1000 m; II class - 500m, III class - 300m; IV class - 100m; V class - 50m. The sanitary protection zone is taken into account when drafting the functional zoning of the city territory. The width of the sanitary protection zone is specified in the task.

To preliminary determine the required residential area, aggregated indicators recommended by design standards (SNiP 2.07.01.89) should be used. The size of the residential zone depends on the size of the city, the climatic region of construction and the number of floors of the building adopted in the specification.

To determine the size of a residential area in large and major cities, the lower limit should be taken, in other cities - the upper limit.

The area of ​​the residential zone can be determined as follows:

where Fcel. - area of ​​the residential zone, hectares; i is the number of residents in buildings of the i-th floor, thousand people;

n i - the size of the residential area per 1000 people. For the development zone with buildings of the i-th storey, determined according to Table 3.

where m i is the specific weight of the area of ​​​​the development zone with buildings of the i-th floor according to the assignment;

N - population of the city, thousand people.

To locate industrial enterprises of city-forming importance, the required area is determined by summing up the individual areas of the enterprises given in the assignment. In a similar way, the area of ​​the territory of external transport devices and other institutions of city-forming importance can be found.

Table 3 Aggregated indicators for determining the area of ​​residential territory

Residential buildings with number of floors

Size of residential area, hectares per 1,000 people, for cities located

In II (except PA) and III climatic regions, as well as in IB, 1D climatic subregions

In ΙΑ, ΙΕ, ΙΓ and PA climatic subregions

In climatic region IV

First things first

For the estimated period

First things first

For the estimated period

First things first

For the estimated period

2 land plots of 150 m2 per apartment

9 or more

Table 5 Residential density of the microdistrict

Climatic regions	Density of the housing stock, m2 of total area per 1 hectare of territory when built with residential buildings with the number
All except IA, IE, IG and IIA
IA, IB, IG, NA

Territories	I stage of construction		Estimated period
	Area, hectares	Specific gravity, %	Area, hectares	Specific gravity. %
Residential Non-residential: a) industrial zone; b) communal and warehouse area; c) external transport zone
b) territory of forest parks
Total urban areas:

The area of ​​communal and warehouse territories is formed from areas intended for institutions and service enterprises, warehouses, engineering structures and devices (water intake, treatment, neutralization).

) The territory of communal service institutions, in accordance with the recommendations of the textbook for course design in urban planning, can be established at the rate of 0.5 hectares per 1000 inhabitants.

) A preliminary calculation of the area of ​​land plots for urban warehouses should be made on the basis of the data given in SNiP 2.07.01.89*: for large and largest cities at the rate of 2 m 2 per person and Zm 2 - in other cities and other populated areas.

) The approximate dimensions of the territories of engineering structures and devices are determined by the aggregated indicators given in the training manual, taking into account the recommendations and regulatory data of SNiP 2.07.01.89* (p. 7, clause 7.1 ... 7.6).

) Determination of the area of ​​forests and forest parks located within the green zone of the city must be carried out in accordance with SNiP 2.07.01.89*. The area should be taken per person at least: for the largest and largest cities - 200 m 2, for large cities - 100 m 2 and for other cities - 50 m 2.

Example. It is required to draw up a preliminary balance of the city's territory.

Initial data. The projected population of the city for the first stage of construction is 52.5 thousand people, for the estimated period - 157.0 thousand people.

Climatic region of construction of Volgograd (ΙIIΒ subdistrict).

The area of ​​the territory of institutions and enterprises of city-forming significance is given in the task in tabular form.

Solution 1. The number of residents in buildings of different number of storeys is determined by formula (6).

According to the assignment, the specific weight of the areas of development zones with buildings of 2, 5 and 9 storeys, respectively, is equal to: m 2 = 15%; m 5 = 60%; m 9 = 25%.

N I 2, N I 5, N I 9 - the number of residents in 2, 5 and 9 storey buildings for the first stage of construction; 2, N 5, Ν 9 - the number of residents in 2, 5 and 9 storey buildings for the estimated period.

The area of ​​the residential zone is calculated using formula (5) according to the data in Table. 3 for a large city located in the SE climate region.

where F I is the area of ​​the residential zone for the first stage of construction; - the area of ​​the residential zone for the estimated period. The dimensions of the territories of industrial enterprises, external transport devices and other territories are taken from individual assignments. For example: for the first stage of construction:

for the estimated period:

The area of ​​plots for communal service institutions is set at the rate of 0.5 hectares per 1000 inhabitants: for the first stage of construction: 0.5x52.5 = 26.25 hectares; for the estimated period: 0.5x157.0=78.5 hectares.

We calculate the area of ​​warehouse territories based on the norm of 0.3 hectares per 1000 inhabitants, we get for the first stage of construction: 0.3x52.5=15.75 hectares, for the estimated period: 0.3x157.0=47.1 hectares. Let’s sum up all the territories of the communal and warehouse zone:

The composition of the main engineering structures and devices is determined by SNiP 2.07.01.89*; Water intake and water treatment facilities, sewerage treatment facilities, and neutralization devices are mandatory. The size of the land plots of the listed structures depends on their productivity, thousand m 3 /day.

The area of ​​forest parks and reserve areas for city development outside urban areas for a large city is calculated based on the norm of 0.01 hectares per 1 resident:

01x157000=1570 ha

Table 2 Preliminary balance of the city territory

Territories	1st stage of construction		Estimated period
	Square. ha	Specific gravity, %	Area, ha	Specific gravity, %
Residential Non-residential: a) industrial zone; b) communal and warehouse area; c) external transport	370,2 52,5 42,0 97,8	17,0 2,3 1,9 4,4	1601,4 157,0 120,2 106,5	43,3 4,2 3,2 2,9
Other Territories outside urban areas: a) forest parks and reserve areas; b) engineering structures	32,6 1570 45,85
Total for the city

5. URBAN PLANNING ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL CONDITIONS AND SELECTION OF TERRITORY FOR LOCATING FUNCTIONAL ZONES OF THE CITY

improvement urban planning residential planning

In urban planning practice, the choice of territory for the construction of a city is made on the basis of a technical and economic comparison of location options, taking into account their sanitary, hygienic and architectural planning indicators. The most rational option for functional urban zones is achieved only with a comprehensive study and correct urban planning assessment of the natural features of the construction area.

An assessment of the natural conditions of a territory involves classifying it according to the degree of favorability of the location of the corresponding zones of the city into favorable, less favorable and unfavorable. In practice, when developing any territory, it is inevitable to carry out mandatory engineering measures to improve the existing natural conditions.

As a rule, in the vast majority of cases, when developing a territory, there is a need to significantly improve natural conditions and carry out a set of measures for engineering preparation. The complexity and cost of these measures will depend on the set of existing natural factors that characterize the territory as unfavorable or unfavorable. Favorable territories are characterized by natural conditions that require minimal transformation.

When choosing an option for locating residential and non-residential zones, you should strive to:

· make maximum use of the most favorable territories if possible;

· it is rational to include unfavorable territories into the planning structure;

· create a compact city plan;

· ensure the possibility of further territorial development of all urban elements.

It is recommended to assess the natural factors of the territory in terms of the degree of favorableness for construction according to the indicators in Table 4

Table 4 Indicators for assessing the territory according to the degree of favorableness for housing, public and industrial construction

Natural actors	Territory assessment
	favorable	unfavorable	unfavorable
Relief a) for civil engineering; b) for industrial construction.	with a slope of 0.5%... 10% 0.3%... 3%	with a slope of up to 0.5% and 10%.... 20% to 0.3% and 3%...5%	with a slope of more than 20% more than 5%
Soils a) for civil engineering; b) for industrial construction.	standard pressure on the soil foundation
	more than 1.5x10 5 Pa more than 1.5x10 5 Pa homogeneous geological structure throughout the entire site	0.7x10 5 ... 1.5x1 0 5 Pa 0.7x10 5 ... 1.5x10 5 Pa small-area disturbances of the geological structure	Up to 0.7x1 0 5 Pa Up to 0.7x1 0 5 Pa Heterogeneity of the geological structure throughout the site
Groundwater a) for civil construction: b) for industrial construction.	occurrence of unconfined aquifers at depth
	more than 3 m more than 7 m	2...3m 7...3m	up to 2 m up to 3 m
Natural factors	Territory assessment
	favorable	Less favorable		unfavorable
Swampiness a) for civil engineering; b) for industrial construction.	There is no swampiness or insignificant swampiness, allowing for the possibility of implementation by the simplest means. There are completely no wetlands or drainage basins.	The presence of waterlogging, requiring the implementation of simple engineering measures for drainage. There are minor swamps, peat bogs up to 2 m thick		Significant swampiness, peat bogs with a layer of more than 2 m. There are swamps. peatlands with a thickness of 2 m or more.
Floodability a) for civil engineering;	Flood-free 1% probability (once every 100 years)	Flooded by more than 0.5 m by floods 1% of the supply and not flooded by floods 4% of the supply (once every 25 years).		Inundated by more than 0.5 m with floods, 4% probability.
b) for industrial construction.	The elevations of the territory are at least 0.5 m above the calculated maximum water horizon.	Elevations of the territory are less than 0.5 m from the calculated high water horizon of 2% probability (once every 50 years).		Territories with a probability of recurrence of the maximum groundwater level of 5% probability (once every 20 years).
Landslides, ravines, karst a) for civil engineering; b) for industrial construction.	None None	There are inactive and active landslides, ravines, karsts that require simple engineering measures. There are individual inactive ravines up to 3 m deep; There are no landslides or karst.		There are active landslides and ravines. karst, requiring complex engineering measures. There are ravines more than 3 m deep. The presence of landslides and karst phenomena.
Seismic phenomena For civil and industrial construction.	Seismicity of the construction site is up to 6 points.	Seismicity of the construction site is from 6 to 9 points.		Seismicity of the construction site is 9 points.

If there are unfavorable natural factors in the territory proposed in the assignment, then SNiP 22-01-95 “Geophysics of hazardous natural influences” is used for a comprehensive urban planning assessment.

The assessment of the territory should be carried out sequentially for each natural factor in accordance with a given climatic region.

Comprehensive assessment - analysis of the totality of natural factors and their influence on the choice of territory for the location of the city. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the climatic characteristics of the construction area: temperature, humidity, wind conditions, amount of precipitation, etc. It should be borne in mind that they may vary depending on the topography, the presence of green spaces, and water spaces. Therefore, for example, in areas with a humid climate, areas of elevations and hills are most favorable for locating a residential area. Under these conditions, rapid removal of storm and melted surface water is ensured. In arid areas, on the contrary, in terms of microclimatic indicators, low-lying areas may be favorable for locating residential areas.

The wind regime has a significant influence on the choice of territory for residential and industrial zones and their mutual placement. For a given construction area, we build a “wind rose” based on wind speed and frequency of occurrence for January and July. Taking into account the constructed graph of the wind regime, the residential zone should be located on the windward side for winds of the prevailing direction in relation to the industrial zone. In areas with opposite directions of prevailing winds in summer and winter, residential areas must be located to the left and right of the wind directions indicated in relation to industrial enterprises. According to sanitary requirements, the industrial zone, if there is a watercourse on the territory, should be designed downstream of the residential area along the river.

If there is a large green area in the construction area, then it is advisable to bring the residential area closer to it and use it as a recreation area for the city population. A small green area should be included in urban, functional zones as an element of city landscaping.

To locate functional zones of the city, it is advisable to choose the most favorable areas. However, one should not abandon the development of unfavorable territories.

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